The effect of the London 2012 olympic games

As a component of the London 2012 Olympic Games the Great British Government introduced a heritage that they trusted would help them to win the offer to have the games. This included what they trusted would become gainful long haul impacts socially and financially for Great Britain. One of the cases made the legislature was: ‘Harnessing the United Kingdom's enthusiasm for game to expand grass roots interest, especially by youngsters †and to urge the entire populace to be all the more genuinely dynamic'. Office for Culture, Media and Sport, 2010) Meaning that facilitating the games would change the country's mentality towards physical ctivity, adding to a confident increment in cooperation in sport. This examination investigates the connection between facilitating the Olympic Games and sports interest in the host nation, specifically around the host city of London. The examination centers around estimating the heritage impacts a year after the games started. This exploratio n is being made to increase a more noteworthy comprehension about how the 2012 Olympic games has influenced the country †London in particular.With this data we additionally might want to make the outcomes progressively explicit and discover: how the Olympic heritage has enlivened individuals and how separation of residency from the Olympic arena sick influence their apparent view of the games lastly what financial and social boundaries may hold up traffic of people turning out to be included post-Olympic Games. Strategies DESIGN Data age was done from the Opening Ceremony (27th July 2012) to precisely one year after the Opening Ceremony (27th July 2013). The methodology taken was twofold, right off the bat a poll was conducted.The first strategy for this examination utilizes a self-fulfillment survey to decide a connection between the London 2012 Olympic Games and the apparent effect on sports cooperation across England. This permits members to self-assess the effect of this oc casion, and hence gives an emotional assessment, yet at the same time shows a significant social marker. The poll incorporates close-finished inquiries for simpler fruition thus respondents don't tire, and in this manner a bigger reaction is more probable making the information more representative.The Likert scale will be utilized; respondent's perspectives will be acquired by requesting that they react to a progression of proclamations, as far as the degree to which they concur with them, where 1 was ‘Strongly Disagree' and 5 was ‘Strongly Agree'. The quantity of uestionnaire. Instances of positive proclamations are: ‘grassroots interest would be supported. An as of now sports-frantic country would get fitter and more advantageous. ‘ (Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2010). Also, ‘These champions and potential victors give a significant motivation forothers to ‘have a gd. McKay, 1991). Instances of negative proclamations for use in the po ll are: sports associations need to guarantee that promoting is touchy to buyer obstruction emerging from an attention to the fact that it is so hard to copy our brandishing legends and courageous women. ‘ (Hindson et al. 1994).And, ‘It's horrible having an incredible Olympics in 2012 and moving numerous youngsters to take up sport in the event that we don't have the offices, instructing and framework to get them included and keep them in sport. ‘ (Draper, 2003). Exploration directed by Hindson et al. (1994) presumed that the Olympics positively affected club enrollment. Then again, Edcoms (2007) found no unmistakable connection between's facilitating the Olympic Games and game cooperation as a drawn out effect, nonetheless, may prompt momentary increases. The second piece of the procedure included another poll. This piece of the examination included acquiring socio-segment data including age, sexual orientation and separation of residency from the Olympic Park, al l of which could influence an occupants point of view of the event.Previous research has demonstrated that responses could be founded on these key components (Twynam and Johnston, 2004). Exploration has demonstrated that in ethnic minorities, for example, East London, boundaries exist, for example, unreasonably expensive offices and inaccessible childcare, horror rates, dread for individual wellbeing and socially unseemly exercises are of essential significance and may impact eagerness to articipate (Seefeldt et al. , 2002). The picked procedure to appropriate the surveys was the ‘drop and gather' method.This includes the hand conveyance and assortment of the polls, giving a financially savvy, solid and quick strategy to finish this exploration. Respondents can finish the survey at their own pace subsequently are bound to finish it. The method stays away from questioner predisposition and command over the determination procedure.

Tissue engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tissue designing - Essay Example ed to conventional techniques as it tackles twin issues of giver shortage and the dangers of tissue transplant dismissal including transmission of sicknesses (Gomes and Reis, 2004, p. 738). Tissue designing is a moderately new field of research and there is a lack of certain scholastic logical materials and research contemplates. It is normal this new field will bigly affect the arrangement of social insurance in the coming years when increasingly complex bio-materials are required for useful tissues like bones, ligament or enormous bone fragments (on the same page.) and even complex organs. Immature microorganism look into has been exceptionally valuable up until this point yet there are such a significant number of moral and other good issues included which has hindered huge scope endeavors toward this path. Tissue building has no such moral contemplations as it doesn't include early stage undeveloped cells. This new procedure holds a lot of guarantee from the clinical and financial viewpoints as it skirts moral issues while conceivably offering a lot of lower expenses to the patients. As model, the world market for bone unions shows half are from autologous unions while just 10% are from manufactured bio-materials along these lines demonstrating significant space for development regarding neglected market need. This totally extraordinary methodology means to support unhealthy, inadequate or lost tissues to recover themselves or grow naturally adequate substitutes utilizing homogeneous or heterogeneous cells. The new method is on the other hand called as regenerative medication or as re-valuable medication utilizing either autogeneic cells or remote cells. Over the span of leading examination, clinical researchers incidentally discovered statins are exceptionally useful in the arrangement of bone tissues. This unplanned or incidental revelation is a lot of suggestive of the way Viagra (sildenafil citrate) was found to be useful in restoring ED while throughout directing examination for finding a fix of numerous heart-related illnesses like pneumonic blood vessel hypertension, angina pectoris and

How Psychedelic or Hallucinogenic Drugs Work

How Psychedelic or Hallucinogenic Drugs Work Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print How Psychedelic or Hallucinogenic Drugs Work By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on September 13, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 28, 2019 Science Photo Library / PASIEKA / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Psychedelics, also known as psychedelic drugs, hallucinogens, or hallucinogenic drugs are chemical substances that induce hallucinations and other sensory disturbances.  Probably the most well-known and notorious hallucinogenic drug is lysergic acid or LSD.  Other well-known hallucinogens include psilocybin, which occurs naturally in certain wild mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, or shrooms, and mescaline, which is found in the peyote cactus in Mexico and the Southwest United States. Ecstasy is less hallucinogenic and more stimulatingâ€"meaning it increases alertness more than LSD or magic mushrooms. It is sometimes classed as a stimulant and sometimes as an entactogen, rather than a hallucinogen.?? Less well-known psychedelic drugs that are chemically similar to the neurotransmitter, include Ololiuqui (found in the seeds of the morning glory flower)?? ; khat, dimethyltryptamine or DMT (found in certain plants from Central and South America)?? ; harmine (found in a South American vine)?? and 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenine (which naturally occurs in the venom of certain toads).?? Other obscure hallucinogenic drugs affect serotonin as well as other neurotransmitters.  These include dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, or DOM or STP,?? which is a synthetic drug similar to mescaline. It is highly potent but carries a high risk of toxic reaction. Also 4- bromo-2,5-dimethoxypheethylamine or 2C-B, which is like ecstasy, and is sometimes classed as an entactogen rather than a hallucinogen. Finally, a number of hallucinogens, including atropine and scopolamine, affect the acetylcholine system in the brain. These substances are  found in various plants such as belladonna or deadly nightshade, mandrake, henbane, and datura plants. Different Types of Hallucinogens How Psychedelic Drugs Work Hallucinogens work by stimulating or suppressing the activity of the neurotransmitters they are chemically similar to.??  This causes a temporary chemical imbalance in the brain, which causes hallucinations and other effects such as euphoria. Much of the perceived effect of hallucinogenic drugs is dependent on the persons expectations, known as set and setting.?? Set is a persons previous experiences of the drug. Setting is their social and cultural expectations as well as their mental state and mood at the time of taking the drug.   The same person would probably have very different experiences on a hallucinogenic drug if they took it at a party with friends than if they took it alone after the death of a parent. How Long Do Hallucinogenic Effects Last? Hallucinogens tend to be quite slow in onset, but this varies from drug to drug, and also depends on factors such as whether the drug is taken on an empty stomach. LSD has a slow onset of about an hour but can last anywhere from four to 12 hours before it wears off.  In contrast, DMT takes effect much more quickly but only lasts about one hour. Although hallucinogenic drugs pass through the body quickly, the psychological effects can be long-lasting.   As well as potentially inducing mental health problemsâ€"such as substance-induced psychosis, substance-induced depression, and substance-induced anxiety disorderâ€"hallucinogens carry the risk of flashbacks or Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder.?? While hallucinogens are risky for anyone, people with a personal or family history of psychosis, depression or anxiety disorder are at higher risk of developing these long-term effects and should avoid taking hallucinogens. Symptoms of Hallucinogen Use Disorder

Claude Monet And Van Gogh - 1165 Words

Impressionism began in the mid-1800 s while Paris was the artistic capital of Europe. While Impressionism was rejected by the Salon de Paris, numerous artists grouped together so they could finally paint what they wanted to paint. Impressionists broke away from traditional artists who covered their canvas with dark undercoats versus the Impressionists painted on a white or cream-colored background for a brighter look. What attracted many to impressionism paintings was the shift from paintings focused on religious beliefs, historical moments, and influential people to art that emphasized both beauty and feelings. Two of the most well-known impressionist artists are Claude Monet and Vincent Van Gogh. Even though Monet and van Gogh were†¦show more content†¦Once there Monet met his first art dealer, Paul Durand-Ruel. After the war, his family moved to Argenteuil, France. â€Å"Banding together with several other artists, Monet helped form the Socià ©tà © Anonyme des Artiste s, Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, as an alternative to the Salon and exhibited their works together.† He and other artists created an art group to challenge the Salon. These artists were Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro and Edouard Manet. The two hardships that Monet faced in his life was financial hardship associated with the birth of his first son and the death of his wife after she had been sick. â€Å"Throughout her life, Monet had painted her portrait several things capturing her beauty, graciousness, and joy of life on canvas.† Camille had been his muse, and model in some of his paintings. With her passing, Monet felt lost and angry and grieved for the longest time alone. These two things had a huge impact on his paintings that he made. Here is the in the artwork, especially with the brush stroke. painting that he made of his wife when she passed away. The painting shows impressionist styles by using thick brush strokes. Camille looks peaceful, sleeping in a cocoon of blankets is protecting her. It seems as though Monet painted a bouquet of flowers on top of her, white andShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Van Gogh And Monet944 Words   |  4 PagesVincent van Gogh and Claude Monet are two highly influential contributors to the art world. Both are renowned artists whose creations are on display in several art museums throughout the world. They are two artistic geniuses who are more alike than they appear to be. While there are many similarities between the lives and art of these two prodigies there are numerous differences as well in their technique/style, subject matter, and personal lives. Technique and style are two things that an artistRead MoreThe Starry Night Over The Rhone901 Words   |  4 Pagestime and make history. Vincent Willem van Gogh and Oscar- Claude Monet are one of those few who are both notably know artists. Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch painter notably known for his use of beauty, emotion, and vivid and contrasting colors. One of Van Gogh’s famous paintings is the Starry Night Over the Rhone, which depicts a couple taking a midnight stroll along a illuminated river. A prologue to the art of the twentieth century, Oscar- Claude Monet painted various different famous landscapeRead MoreOffice Art Memo Office Art Memo Office Art Memo Essays1090 Words   |  5 Pages 2 The three impressionist painting I choose is Dance Class by Edgar Degas, Lunchon of the Boating Party by Piette Augustine Renoir, and Sunrise, by Claude Monet. The three post-impressionist I chose is The Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh, The Peppermint Bottle by Paul Cà ©zanne and Memory of the Garden at Etten, Women of Arles by Vincent van Gogh. To Mrs. Nichols, President and CEO, this memorandum contains information about the art selections for the office. I have chosen six pieces of impressionistRead MoreStarry Night Over Impression : Sunrise By Vincent Van Gogh921 Words   |  4 Pagesfeel them to be. This was written by Vincent van Gogh in one of his letters (Theartstory.org). For me art is all about how it makes me feel and how the artist feels about their subject, so I personally agree with Mr. van Gogh. During the time of early modernism, art was making a shift from the traditional principles of realism. Two modernist paintings that I find to be exquisite are Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh and Impression: Sunrise by Claude Monet. Though I find both paintings to be very beautifulRead MoreImpressionism : A New Style Of Art858 Words   |  4 Pagesnew style of art called Impressionism was developed around the end of the 19th century called. Impressionism was initially organized by a group of artists called the Anony mous Society of Painters. This group was composed of many artists including Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, and Camille Pissaro, as well as many others (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). These artists were all quite independent and their styles varied considerably, but they were unified by their difference and exclusion from the annualRead MoreA Brief Note On Impressionism And Post Impressionism958 Words   |  4 PagesImpressionism began which was a result of French artists rejecting traditional government and their standards. In 1874, the first independent art exhibition was held. A few of the famous artists’ who participated and organizing this exhibition was Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot and Pierre-Auguste Renior along with several other artists. This group of artists referred to themselves as the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptures, and Engravers. The exhibit lasted for one month and displayed approximatelyRead MoreIwt1-Task-1 Essay899 Words   |  4 Pagescentur y (1874-1882), several artists who called themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Printmakers, etc. organized an exhibit that launched the movement called Impressionism. These artists, such as Eduoard Manet, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, and Mary Cassatt, sparked worldwide following and revolutionized Western conceptions of painting. Appearing to other artists to be a group, these independent painters with quite diverse artistic approaches, were only unifiedRead MoreMuseum Report on Houses of Parliament: Effect of Fog, London by Claude Monet728 Words   |  3 PagesMuseum Report 1. St. Petersburg Museum of Fine Arts, September 28, 2013, 11:00AM 2. Houses of Parliament: Effect of Fog, London 3. Claude Monet 4. 1904 5. Impressionism 6. Primarily cool blues with hints of green to enhance the subject, mostly a very light sky-blue mixed with white, progressing all the way to pale cerulean. The effect of fog detailed in the scene mutes the colors, lending the sfumato effect to the whole piece. 7. Landscape 8. Self; this and many others of the Palace of WestminsterRead MoreIwt1 Task 1 Wgu Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagestraditional government sanctioned academic painting that was dominating their arts at the time. The first independent art exhibition was held in 1874 for one month. Few of the famous artists’ who participated and help organize this exhibition was Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Pierre-Auguste Renior, Edgar Degas and Camille Pissarro along with 25 other artists. They displayed approximately 165 paintings during this exhibit. This group of artists referred themselves as the Anonymous Society of PaintersRead MoreHUM 112 Assigment 2 Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagespaintings that I choose from the 19th century Impressionist are the self-portraits of Pierre Auguste Renoir; Claude Monet reading a newspaper, and the last being a painting by Camille Pissarro named Boulevard Montmartre. The Post-Impressionist paintings that I choose are: A Lion Devouring its Prey by Henri Ro usseau, In the Oise Valley by Paul Cezanne, and The Yellow Books by Vincent Van Gogh. The characteristics of first three pieces of art that make these ones to fall into the 19th century Impressionist

Quotes That Show Macbeths Intentions

The motor that drives the tragedy of Shakespeares  Macbeth  is the lead character’s ambition. It is his primary character flaw and the trait that causes this brave soldier to murder his way to power. Early on in the famous play,  King Duncan hears of Macbeth’s heroics at war and bestows the title Thane of Cawdor on him. The current Thane of Cawdor has been deemed a traitor and the king orders him to be killed.  When Macbeth is made Thane of Cawdor, he believes that the kingship is not far off in his future. He writes a letter to his wife announcing the  prophecies, and it is actually Lady Macbeth who fans the flames of ambition as the play progresses. The two conspire to kill King Duncan so that Macbeth can ascend to the throne. Despite his initial reservations about the plan, Macbeth agrees, and, sure enough, he is named king after Duncans death. Everything that follows is simply the repercussion of Macbeths unbridled ambition. Both he and Lady Macbeth are plagued by visions of their wicked deeds, which eventually drive them insane. Brave Macbeth When  Macbeth  first appears at the start of the play, he is brave, honorable, and moral—qualities that he sheds as the play develops. He comes on the scene soon after a  battle, where an injured soldier reports Macbeth’s heroic deeds and famously labels him â€Å"brave Macbeth†: For brave Macbeth—well he deserves that name—Disdaining Fortune, with his brandishd steel,Which smoked with bloody execution,Like valours minion carved out his passageTill he faced the slave.(Act 1, Scene 2) Macbeth is presented as a man of action who steps up when he is needed, and a man of kindness and love when he is away from the battlefield. His wife, Lady Macbeth, adores him for his loving nature: Yet do I fear thy nature;It is too full o th milk of human kindnessTo catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great,Art not without ambition, but withoutThe illness should attend it.(Act 1, Scene 5) Vaulting Ambition An encounter with the three witches changes everything. Their premonition that Macbeth â€Å"shalt be king hereafter† triggers his ambition—and leads to murderous consequences. Macbeth makes clear that ambition drives his actions, stating as early as Act 1 that his sense of ambition is â€Å"vaulting†: I have no spurTo prick the sides onlyVaulting ambition, which oerleaps itselfAnd falls on the other.(Act 1, Scene 7) When Macbeth makes plans to murder King Duncan, his moral code is still evident—but it is beginning to be corrupted by his ambition. In this quote, the reader can see Macbeth struggling with the evil he is about to commit: My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,Shakes so my single state of man that functionIs smotherd in surmise.(Act 1, Scene 3) Later in the same scene, he says: Why do I yield to that suggestionWhose horrid image doth unfix my hair,And make my seated heart knock at my ribs,Against the use of nature?(Act 1, Scene 3) But, as was made apparent at the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a man of action, and this vice supersedes his moral conscience. It is this trait that enables his ambitious desires. As his character develops throughout the play, action eclipses Macbeths morals. With each murder, his moral conscience is suppressed, and he never struggles with subsequent murders as much as he does with killing Duncan. By the end of the play, Macbeth kills Lady Macduff and her children without hesitation. Macbeth’s Guilt Shakespeare does not let Macbeth get off too lightly. Before long, he is plagued with guilt: Macbeth starts hallucinating;  he sees the ghost of murdered Banquo, and he hears voices: Methought I heard a voice cry Sleep no more!Macbeth does murder sleep.(Act 2, Scene 1) This quote reflects the fact that Macbeth murdered Duncan in his sleep. The voices are nothing more than Macbeth’s moral conscience seeping through, no longer able to be suppressed. Macbeth also hallucinates the murder weapons, creating one of the play’s most famous quotes: Is this a dagger which I see before me,The handle toward my hand?(Act 2, Scene 1) In the same act, Ross, Macduffs cousin, sees right through Macbeths unbridled ambition and predicts where it will lead: to Macbeth becoming  king. Gainst nature still!Thriftless ambition, that will ravin upThine own lives means! Then tis most likeThe sovereignty will fall upon Macbeth.(Act 2, Scene 4) Macbeths Fall Near the end of the play, the audience catches a glimpse of the brave soldier who appeared at the beginning. In one of Shakespeare’s most beautiful speeches, Macbeth admits that he is short on time. The armies have amassed outside the castle and there is no way he can win, but he does what any man of action would do: fight. In this speech, Macbeth realizes that time ticks on regardless and that his actions will be lost to time: Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrowCreeps in this petty pace from day to dayTo the last syllable of recorded timeAnd all our yesterdays have lighted foolsThe way to dusty death.(Act 5, Scene 5) Macbeth seems to realize in this speech the cost of his unchecked ambition. But it is too late: There is no reversing the consequences of his evil opportunism.

Impact of Computer on Our Society Free Essays

string(83) " giving of change would be done manually for each customer after each transaction\." Ilorin Being a paper presented at the closing ceremony of the 1st computer training and issuance of certificate by Ascetic Computer Centre on the 15th September 2007 Introduction At this closing ceremony of the 1st computer training and issuance of certificate by Ascetic Computer Centre, let us lift our eyes toward the challenges that await us in the years to come. It is our great good fortune, as organisers, that time and chance have put us not only at the edge of a chapter in the lives of these graduands, but on the edge of a bright new prospect in their affairs —a moment that will define their course, and their character, for many years to come. Guided by the ancient vision of a promised future, let us set our sights upon a set of graduands of new promise. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Computer on Our Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, our march to this new future seemed less certain than it did yesterday. We must vow to set a clear course to renew our generation. We should thank the organisers for their vision towards the creation of new Nigerians who will appreciate problems, exhilarated by challenges, and strengthened by achievements, Nigerians with better employment opportunities, who will be job creators. Computer is gaining vast popularity globally in recent years. Its use, which extended information-processing capabilities, are influencing organizations of all types and sizes bringing about changes in institutional goals, relations and operations. A large percentage of the activities in any institution or organisation comprise the processing of communicating information in the production and distribution processes. In the developing countries, computers are becoming part of everyday activities because of the kind of information they generate and their speed of delivery (Award 1988). 1 What is a Computer A computer is an electronic device, which accepts and processes data by following a set of instructions (PROGRAM) to produce an accurate and efficient result (INFORMATION). Since the ultimate aim of computer is to produce information, the art if computing is often referred o as information processing. The values of the computer lie solely on its high speed (due to its electronic nature), ability to store large amount of data, the unfailing accuracy and precision. These account for its supremacy over manual computation. The computer industry began in the late forties with a very small initial investment, and has been increasing both in strength and importance. When one looks back with analytical mind, we can conclude that computer technology keeps on advancing with remarkable increase in speed, accuracy and reliability. Computing in whatever field, science, business, and industry is reaching directly or indirectly into various aspects of our society thereby, without loss of generality has shrunk the world into such a compactness that no part can afford to lack behind or live in isolation. The advent of electronic computer was hailed by the world as a great revolution, like any industrial revolution, it promised to free man from simple routine jobs of repetitive nature by providing computing power. The first to have exploited this facility was the search for scientific enquiries. This was not unconnected with the fact that the designers of these systems were scientists themselves. Several problems have been eluding satisfactory solutions, though numerical methods of solutions exist but involved a very huge accomplished. Not only did computer make reliable solutions possible it equally opened new application methods or areas. To quote but a few are the optimization techniques of Operations Research (OR), the awe-stricken field of space research, the molecular restructuring in Biochemistry etc. It would have been tedious inexhaustible, incomplete and inaccurate to list all the possible applications of computer. There is no limit tot he uses and applications of computer; hence there is hardly a branch of science that can resist computer invasion. After science was business. Because of the natural conservatism, oppressive and exploitative nature of this class coupled with their cautions approach to things, did not deem the computing machine fit until its worth and capabilities had been proved. What came to be recognized and embraced by this class was the importance of computer for decision aking and data processing, for these reasons, elaborate mathematical tools like Operations Research (OR), Critical Path Method (CPM), and Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) which were developed in the early fifties attained respectable height in the eyes of this class. Common examples of data processing are payroll, accounting, inventory management, banking, airline seat reservation etc. These required a lot of input and output and relatively little computing. Hence the costs of computing in such areas tend to be closely bound by inputting the data and outputting the results. Some applications like airlines seat reservation, banking business and inventory control, call for real-time systems, which are dedicated to a particular application. They furnish â€Å"immediate† responses to input signals. For examples, it is easier today for one to know his statement of account in a bank the moment signals for such requests are sent to the computer. Similarly debited or credited accounts are updated almost immediately for further transactions. The Need for Computer Most of our national projects could better be accomplished with the use of computers. Consider the registration of voters for election, common entrance examination into Nigeria Secondary Schools and conducting head counts (census) to mention only a few. These involve a huge volume of data, and would naturally be unwise if accomplished manually as it would be tiring, inaccurate and full of errors. 3 Going through the history/evolution of computers, the search for a realistic head count by the United States census bureau in 1890 led to the development of an electro-mechanical machine that helped greatly during the census by cutting down the man-hour required for the processing of the census data. The accuracy of computer cannot be over-emphasized and it conforms to the objective of using the computer. A cashier in a departmental store would definitely find life boring if all calculations, issuance of receipts and giving of change would be done manually for each customer after each transaction. You read "Impact of Computer on Our Society" in category "Papers" But with the aid of an adding machine the job is done accurately and he feels relieved. Going from the adding machine to the computer itself, the ability of the computer to perform repetitive tasks makes things easier. Once the computer is programmed using the adequate software the whole job is done with ease. The need for computer in our banking system cannot be underrated because of the huge amount of transactions and the accuracy desired. Similarly in the data processing environment where the bulk of the job is either sorting, merging files, updating information, searching for a particular key in a pile of data etc. , all these the computer does with ease and accurately too. In a developing economy like ours, the speed of the computer is again one of the distinguishing factors that make it inevitable. From the saying that â€Å"Time is Money†, speed is equally synonymous to time, and since computers work as a phenomenal speed coupled with its ability to access records or information directly from remote locations, efforts should be directed towards introducing computer into every facets of human endeavour. Computer and Unemployment The extent to which the computer has come to permeate all levels of our society is immeasurable. In fact, it does not matter, what you plan to do for a living, you will encounter the computer. Its impact is analogous to that of the automobile and television. Things could be quite different with computers, but it has become part 4 of our society. The automobile is largely responsible for the air pollution and congestion of our cities today. The television has been accused of literally â€Å"rotting our minds†. Technology is usually a bit of mixed blessing and the computer is no exception. There is a popular slogan and fear that computer causes unemployment. From a professional point of view, it is untrue. The problem therefore is the ability to distinguish between unemployment and job displacement. Hence with a thorough distinction between the two, computer should be seen as a saviour from slavery. Before considering the question of displacement and unemployment, it might be necessary once again to define computer. Computer as earlier defined, is an electronic device or machine, which accepts data, following some sets of logical instructions to produce the needed results. Therefore we have to ask ourselves, can this so-called computer operate without the full assistance of human being? Can we just go to the computer for a complaint and have our problems solved without having to call on some pre-written programs meant for specific assignments, and written by programmers of course? The answer to these questions is NO. It is true that behind every successful man there is a woman, also behind the successful operations of computers there is a brain (the man). Computer on its own is just an empty box or a junk, and can in no way do any intelligent job, but with programs written the jobs are done. Therefore if a computer is given a job with the logical step to follow, it can do it better, faster and more accurately than human beings and these are some of the advantages. Consider the developed countries like Japan, USA, UK etc. , where their industries are filled with Robots. The word Robot means labour. Robots are no human beings but rather are machines that can be programmed to carry out complex and tedious task without getting bored or tired. Robots are blind, deaf and have no sense of touch. Therefore jobs that are hazardous, tedious, that could be left undone are done by these Robots. Considering an assembly plant where the 5 only thing a man does in such a plant is just to take the assembled goods out of the plant to give chance for the Robots to start assembling another. What a miracle it is to know that if a Robot breaks down in the course of its duty, almost immediately a fellow Robot (Doctor Robot) will attend to it to put it back to work. Think of the most dangerous tasks, which for the love of our dear lives we cannot do, these Robots do them. Ample examples are, blast furnace, disaster area (caused by poisonous gas) marshy areas etc. of course Robots do these jobs not thinking of any relations or parents and in fact, at a faster speed enhancing productivity. How does computer displace people and who are those displaced? As earlier mentioned, computer can only do a routine job and cannot think in any form. Now come to think of some well-structured organizations, UAC, SCOA and Leventis etc. , there are skilled personnel and unskilled workers/clerks. The dail y job of these unskilled workers are mere routine jobs like accounting procedures, oading and assembling goods which can be taken over by computers that will do it better, faster and in fact, more reliable thereby enhancing greater productivity. These labourers so displaced by computer can be taken to such areas as sales since more articles are produced. These workers should go out soliciting for markets. While the managers, engineers and technician can not be displaced because they as skilled in their job, they do real thinking. Therefore to supplement these greater efficiency and productivity of the computer, these skilled workers should be kept in an airconditioned office, and in fact, think of things yet to happen. No wonder the United States of American sees nothing left on earth again and hence proceeded to exploit the outer space. With these productive forces in operation, the prices of goods and the workers conditions of service would be improved. 6 Recently, these big time companies embarked on agriculture. These unskilled workers could be better utilized there, and more of them is needed for such jobs. In Africa, there are popular terms like laziness, redundancy, unproductively, etc. These are happening because there are no challenges to face. What we do mostly are routine jobs which could be boring thereby creating unhappiness and in such a situation we become less productive. The routine jobs should be given to computers while a conducive atmosphere be created for the skilled workers to think of ways of making the continent self reliant. Computer and Job Creation Let us consider a particular case study of an information system, the effect of computer and how it helps creating jobs. An information system means the collection and processing of data to yield useful information for decision making. To collect data, enumerators are needed to actually go to the field for data collection, typist are needed too and other people employed in the course of recording the data and finally statisticians computer operators use the computer for processing the data to give useful results (information). Again think of the case of our consultancy services. Any company going into such ventures like agricultural business needs a consultant having in his service Agricultural scientists, soil scientists and host of other professionals in allied discipline to perform the feasibility studies. They give useful information to customers are regards the type of crops to plant, the planting seasons, the fertilizers to apply and when, the type of pests attracted by such plants etc. , all these lead to greater productivity and this is one of the things the attention of our professionals should be directed to. Come to think of the perennial problems of Cancer, AIDS and some other deadly diseases, which we have no solutions to. Our scientist and medical personnel should use most of their time addressing their minds through intensive research towards providing a remedy to such ills of the society while the computer is left to do their routine jobs for them. History has it that the early jobs where computers were employed were in accounting, payroll, ledger etc. , all of which had fixed procedures or routine hence it was easier to computerize these systems to enhance productivity and save workers from boredom. However, it must be recognized that computer requires lesser number of pe rsonnel, it can produce more and it is not likely to go on maternity leave, nor go on strikes, nor demand overtime or old age pension etc. Also the use of computer creates more jobs such as consultancy, developing and selling of software and hardware while the displaced workers could be trained as salesmen to market the goods or taken to such areas like agriculture where they can serve humanity. Therefore computer will lead to re-arrangement in the organizational set up and this will lead to greater productivity. Conclusions Computer offer innumerable benefits in enriching the quality and quantity of goods and services in any organisation. Despite the prevalent nature of computer in virtually every aspect of human endeavours, it has not been widely integrated into the production and distribution processes in Nigeria. Its integration will not only revolutionize the economy, it will engender the development of individual’ innate scientific inquiry mind and their critical thinking abilities. COMPUTER PROVIDES LONGER LIFE, REDUCES WORKING HOURS AND GREATER REMUNERATION IN RETURN. REFERENCES Ayo, C, K. (1994). Computer literacy: Operations and appreciation. Egbe: Alanukitan Press Walton, D. (1984). Blob (Computer Program): Applied system knowledge (ASK). London: Unwin Ltd 8 How to cite Impact of Computer on Our Society, Papers

Sexual Harassment and Bullying at the Workplace

Questions: 1.Fully define the terms Sexual Harassment and Bullying and discuss how they relate to power. 2.Research and explain the consequences of sexual harassment and bullying in the workplace. 3.Research and discuss an example of what organizations are doing to deal with power abuse. What are they doing to prevent and deal with sexual harassment and bullying in the workplace? Answers: 1. According to the definition set out in the Sexual Discrimination Act 1984, Sexual harassment is considered to be an unsolicited sexual behavior that leads a person to feeling offended, humiliated or intimidated (Bowling Behr, 2006). It does not entail any engagement which is manifested out of mutual consent. The law regards sexual harassment as one of the forms of sexual discrimination. Research indicates that in Australia, the number of women who experience sexual harassment is five times higher than that of men. On the other hand, Tracy et al. (2006) observe that bullying can be described as the psychological, physical, social or verbal abuse by either an employer or other persons at work. If bullying turns violent to include assault and stalking, it can be characterized as a criminal offence. Bullying, however, does not constitute acts which objectively are unfair but they form part of the core practices in the organization. If this practice is perpetuated on the grounds of sex, race, age or any other classified category, then it merits to be regarded as discrimination at the place of work. Sexual harassment and bullying have a direct nexus with power. Justice Mathews observed in the case of OCallaghan v Loder [1984] EOC 92022, 92023, 92024, that sexual harassment occurs if a person is subjected to unwelcome and unsolicited sexual conduct by another party which is in a position of power. In a majority of cases, persons who perpetuate sexual harassment and bullying are often in powerful positions because then the victim is intimidated and fearful of the impending consequences in case they raise an alarm. 2. Sexual harassment and bullying at the workplace present overarching consequences not only to the victim employee but also to the institution where they work and the society as a whole. The first outstanding effect of these vices is that the business incurs unnecessary human costs. Persons who are subjected to sexual harassment and bullying generally have a compromised health especially under the psychological part. Conditions such as anxiety, overt anger, depression and being emotionally distressed are often exhibited. As a matter of fact, recent research indicates that victims of bullying and sexual harassment show signs of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Mikkelsen Einarsen, 2002). The effects of these two transgressions are not only confined to the victims. Employees who witness incidents of bullying and sexual harassment are also subjected to mental agony and they often tend to be angered by the many things in the organization. With all these effects to employees in mind , the best returns on human capital cannot be realized. With respect to the organization, workers who are victims of sexual harassment and bullying are often absent due to sickness. In addition to this, even if they come to work, their performance levels are very low. This is majorly because their creativity is very low; loyalty to the organization is compromised and in most cases they engage in counterproductive behavior. They are always not satisfied and contemplate quitting at all times. These negative attitudes greatly hamper optimal performance of a given organization. Finally, these abusive practices once exhibited by a single member of the organization; have the propensity of being adopted by other persons within the institution. For instance, if the victim of sexual harassment or bullying is an employee; they may carry over this abuse to their own employees who subsequently end up abusing their own family members. Therefore, the whole society may end up feeling the pinch of these vices which are started in the organization. 3. A model of how the issue of power abuse within an organization can be found in the procedures of Australian Red Cross. The organizations Equal Opportunity policy establishes independent offices which are meant to tackle various grievances from all employees. There is established the position of the complaints officer who is tasked with handling all complaints by the employees. There is also a contact person at every station who is responsible for resolving any small disputes arising at the workplace while they are still at the rudimentary level. These two positions are bound by a requirement of utmost confidentiality with respect to all cases reported. Therefore, a complainant is free to make allegations about any person, however powerful without fear of being reprimanded or that the information could be divulged prematurely. With these mechanisms in place, very powerful persons in the organization are cautious not to engage in unbecoming conduct because they know that investigati ons can be discreetly commenced against them at any time (Nicolson, 2015). Sexual harassment and bullying have also been adequately addressed by many organizations in order to improve the working conditions of all employees. The very first step towards tackling these vices is to concisely define the meaning of the two terms from the organizations perspective and provide an elaborate list of conduct that may constitute such transgressions. Organizations are very cautious not to be subjected to a law suit predicated on the two grounds; therefore, they have established more effective internal preventive measures and dispute resolution mechanisms. A good structure from this front must first entail a very strict code of conduct which governs all employees from top to bottom regardless of the power they hold. Secondly, Organizations have resorted to using hotlines or specific complaints officials who are free of influence from any powerful figures within the institution. In light of all these procedures, it is also prudent to have all employees aware of consequen ces of conduct which falls under sexual harassment and bullying. This will enormously deter any such malpractices in the institution. Reference List Bowling, N.A. and Beehr, T.A., 2006. Workplace harassment from the victim's perspective: atheoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), p.998. Mikkelsen, E.G.E. and Einarsen, S., 2002. Basic assumptions and symptoms of post-traumaticstress among victims of bullying at work. European Journal of work and organizationalpsychology, 11(1), pp.87-111. Nicolson, P., 2015. Gender, power and organization: a psychological perspective on life at work. Routledge. Tracy, S.J., Lutgen-Sandvik, P. and Alberts, J.K., 2006. Nightmares, demons, and slavesexploring the painful metaphors of workplace bullying. Management communicationquarterly, 20(2), pp.148-185.